The clinical features of the 3 types are similar (as listed below) with the following exceptions: There are 3 types of Duane Retraction Syndrome with multiple subgroups existing. ~80% of cases occur unilaterally, with a LE predominance.Goldenhar syndrome: malformation of the jaw, cheek and ear, usually on one side of the face.Morning Glory syndrome: abnormalities of the optic disc.
Holt-Oram syndrome: abnormalities of the upper limbs and heart.Moebius: congenital paresis of facial and abducens cranial nerves.Wildervanck syndrome: Duane syndrome, Klippel-Feil anomaly, and deafness.Okihiro's syndrome: Duane syndrome and radial ray defects.~30% of cases are associated with other congenital anomalies.Most common type of congenital aberrant ocular innervation.Accounts for up to 4% of all strabismus cases.Prevalence of about 1/1000 in general population.Widening of palpebral aperture with abduction.Upshoot or downshoot of globe with adduction (Leash Phenomenon).Oblique movement with attempts at adduction.Narrowing of palpebral fissure during adduction (induced ptosis).Complete or less often partial absence of abduction.It is a congenital and non-progressive strabismus syndrome characterized by some or all of the following: Duane Retraction Syndrome, also known as Stilling-Turk-Duane Syndrome, was originally described by Alexander Duane in 1905.
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